Civil engineering is a professional engineering discipline that deals with the design, construction, and maintenance of the physical and naturally built environment, including works like roads, bridges, canals, dams, and buildings. Civil engineering is the second-oldest engineering discipline after military engineering, and it is defined to distinguish non-military engineering from military engineering.It is traditionally broken into several sub-disciplines including architectural engineering, environmental engineering, geotechnical engineering,control engineering, structural engineering, earthquake engineering,transportation engineering, forensic engineering, municipal or urban engineering, water resources engineering, materials engineering,wastewater engineering, offshore engineering, facade engineering,quantity surveying, coastal engineering,construction surveying, and construction engineering.Civil engineering takes place in the public sector from municipal through to national governments, and in the private sector from individual homeowners through to international companies.
History :-
History :-
Engineering has been an aspect of life since the beginnings of human existence. The earliest practice of civil engineering may have commenced between 4000 and 2000 BC in Ancient Egypt, the Indus Valley Civilization, andMesopotamia (Ancient Iraq) when humans started to abandon a nomadicexistence, creating a need for the construction of shelter. During this time, transportation became increasingly important leading to the development of the wheel and sailing.
Until modern times there was no clear distinction between civil engineering and architecture, and the term engineer and architect were mainly geographical variations referring to the same occupation, and often used interchangeably.The construction ofpyramids in Egypt (circa 2700–2500 BC) were some of the first instances of large structure constructions. Other ancient historic civil engineering constructions include the Qanat water management system (the oldest is older than 3000 years and longer than 71 km.